Several studies are available on AOI and related effects in terms of the opaque photovoltaic modules.
The literature survey reveals that AOI is one of the major parameters in determining the energy generation by a photovoltaic system. Many researchers have observed significant loss in energy generation for the AOI above 60⁰, ,, , ]. have got similar results in the case of five different photovoltaic module technologies. An empirically determined polynomial relating optical influences on short circuit current has been proposed in the procedure. The Sandia national laboratories (SNL) have developed a procedure to test the effect of AOI on non-planar photovoltaic modules. One of the major statements of this standard is that for a flat glass superstrate module, the AOI test does not need to be performed rather, the data of a flat glass-air interface can be used. The international electrotechnical commission (IEC), has developed a standard for measuring the effect of AOI on the solar photovoltaic module's energy performance. In some earlier research works also the AOI has received special emphasis. Martin and J.M Ruiz, , ] have studied the effects of angle of incidence (AOI) on energy generation of opaque photovoltaic module using an analytical model. On the other hand, the optical factor includes the surface features of the photovoltaic module. Here, the cosine factor incorporates the geometrical relationship between the photovoltaic module and the incident beam radiation. The factors are the cosine effect and the optical characteristics of the module. Two factors contribute to the this loss of energy. In the case of BIPV vertical applications such as a window, the angular loss becomes more prominent. This loss is known as an angular or optical loss. This difference in the angle of incidence incurs an additional loss of energy in the photovoltaic systems. Thus, in terms of the angle of the incident light, a difference is developed between the laboratory and the actual working condition. But in all the characterization procedures, lights are allowed to fall perpendicularly on the photovoltaic modules. Further, the performance of the STPV system, and the energy-saving potential, varies with place of installation, ,, , ].įurther, in the actual working condition, the solar radiation hardly falls perpendicularly on the static photovoltaic systems. The energy performance of an STPV window system is also affected by the window-to-wall ratio (WWR), orientations, incident spectra and module characteristics, ,, ,, ,, ]. Different strategies to manage the temperature have also been discussed in the literature, ,, ,, ]. Various experimental and analytical studies are there to assess the module temperature and related effects in building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications. Many researchers have considered the effects of module temperature in the conversion efficiency, , ]. But the energy generation capacity of the semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) module depends on many factors like module temperature, local climate, type of incident spectrum, amount of incident radiation, design, and operation strategies. The photovoltaic integrated window/façade produce energy at the place of installation. The semi-transparent photovoltaic window/façade systems have immense importance in achieving the goals of low or net-zero buildings. Low energy or net-zero energy buildings are the requirements of the present time.
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